Locking spike



g- 26, 1952 A. l. ISRAELSON 2,608,123

LOCKING SPIKE Filed Nov. 15, 1945 5 Sheets-Sheet l flZberi'I. Israeisan1a 13 .13 a 923% W 13 Fig.7 W

Aug. 26, 1952 A. I. ISRAELSON LOCKING SPIKE Filed Nov. 15, 1945 5Sheets-Sheet 2 26, 1952 A. I. ISRAELSON 2,608,123

LOCKING SPIKE Filed Nov. 15, 1945 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 HIM 26, 1952 A. l.ISRAELSON 2,608,123

LOCKING SPIKE Filed Nov. 15, 1945 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Aug. 26, 1952 A.ISRAELISON LOCKING SPIKE 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Nov. 15, 1945 awe/M31filbefri I. Ifiraeison fiatenteci Aug. 2 6, 1952 .LLTUNITED STATES ATENTO C LOCKING SPIKE Albertl. Israelson, Hartington, Nebr. ApplicationNovember 15, 1945, Serial No. 628,690 l 2 Cam's. (o1. 85-23) I Thisinvention relatesto spikes and securing means therefor wherein the spikewhen driven into wood or thelike, will be efiectivelysecured inplace.

' As used in railroad rail constructions, the spike is subjected to verysevere strains. This is particularly true at the joints.

When the rails are laid, the spikesare driven in to the requireddepthyeither with the common chair plate or some of the laterimprovements, or substitutes for the same. Each time the wheel'of a carpasses over'a particular tie and its'spikes, compression first takesplace followed'by a release'of the pressure This repeated action causesthe ordinary spike to be and a key to hold the spike in place, withmeans to positively hold the key in locking positon;

.Another and further object of the invention the groove, the key beingso shaped asto always lifted a small amount. After continued use, it

is necessary to redrive the spikes to their former depth. After thesecond 'and successive times the spikes-are driven in," they are moreeasily raised due to the fact that the holes are worn and are slightlylarger. 7

In addition, when there is a space resulting from movement'of the-spike,in the wood, water is permitted to enter. This causes .the hole toremain'larger when and after it has been wet, swelled and dried out.

When water is so admitted, freezing takes place in winter, furtherdisruptingthe wood fibers and causing loose spikes after the freezingaction'is over.

j In'overcoming the difiiculties of securing rails and ties together,various means have been used, someof which cut the fiber of the woodties near or at" the surface and open the spaces between the fibers tothe admission'of rain water. This rain water causes deterioration androtting of the wood.

-The primary object of this invention is the provision of an improvedspike for the use on railroads or for securing metal to wood or wood towood'in general application. Another object of the invention is theprovision of a spike construction wherein a locking key secures thespike in place and leaves no open holes, in the wood for the collectionof rain water.

'Another object of the invention is the provision of a suitable spikewherein a key is located in a slot'or groove in the side of the spike,the main portion of the groove'being located between the edges of oneside. 7 I

' A still further object of the invention is the provision of a spikewhich may be used with a plate through which it is driven and having aspring tending to draw upwardly on the spike v the key whennecessary-even though the spike be pressed by the wood into the groove.p

Anotherand still further object of the invention is the provision of aspike having a tapered body with a groove preferably parallel to theaxis of the body .of the spike.

Another and further object of the invention is the provision of a spikehaving a groove with straight and curved portions to guide a key intothe wood and with provision for the extraction of and key are driventhrough an opening in a chair plate of only sufficient width to admitthe spike and key when straight.

Another and still further object of the inven tion is the provision ofaspike having a spring,-

the spike having a slightly downwardly extending lip from the spike headto hold the spring in place when the spike is in operative position.

Another and still further object of the inven:-

tion is the provision of a spike assembly where-f in when the spike andits spring hold a rail in place, the rail may be removed Without with:

ing. depth, (3) preventing effective bending'of the spike shank awayfrom the rail, (4) provide for limited movement of the rail withoutmovement of the spike in the Wood of the, tie and (5) maintain' a steadyresilient pressure on the flange of the rail to hold the same in place.-

Other and further objects will be apparent from.

a reading of the complete specification.

Referring to the drawing wherein are illus,- trated differentembodiments and applications ofthe invention, I I

Fig. 1 is a side View of one embodiment of the invention, shown asapplied to a railroad rail, the

latter being in section.

Fig. 2 is a view taken at from Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a top plan vie of the'structure shown on Figs. 1 and 2. w

Fig. 4 is a View of the slot side of the spike.

Fig. 5 is a side view of a key after it has been driven into its place.

Figs. 6 and '7 are side and edge views of the key respectively of Fig.5.

Fig. 8 is a cross section on the line 8-8 of Fig. 4.

Fig. 9is a side view of another adaptation of the invention, .i

Fig. 10 is a top plan vi'ew of the structure shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 11 is a side view of another embodiment.

Fig. 12 is a view of the structure of Fig. 11 taken at 90.

Fig. 13 is a top plan view of the structure mus" trated in Figs. 11 and12. H Fig. 14 is a side view of still another adaptation of theinvention.

Fig. 15 is a view of the structure illustrated in.,Flg. 14 but from apoint 90 from that of Fig. 14..

.Flg. 16 is plan view of the structureillus- 4 of the key l3, straight,there is no pocket to collect water should it have a tendency to enter.Further, this construction causes the whole body of the spike and itskey to be tightly bound in the wood into which it is driven.

As the key is driven into place, it follows the curved portion 12 of thegroove and extends outwardly into the wood as illustrated in Fig. 2.

Surrounding'the spik' mesa of resilient material, is a spring mem'b'f Mhaving an opening H l This spring member I4 has an extension M whichrests upon the flange of the rail l0 and an oppositely extendingextension I l which may rest upon the chair or plate II, or the tie.

The opening HP in the spring member I is of a size to receive the shankof the spike l2 with sufii'cient s ace to drive the key I3 into itsplace but without much space to spare. This construction tends to makethe chair or plate I I, the spike 12, the key l3 and the spring [4, asemiid PU FW 'Q- msam s re o i efir e Pele "cdlhpfs'gibi and expansionof the wood in the tie I5, t1'ie Eitensions 14 and 14 will give and tak-dependwherein two pieces of timber are secured together 7 n' br e..-

13 is a top plan view of the structure shown nFie. l fisJQi a sidegviwor aspi e h v n a bod withtsufiicienttaper toper nit the spike and bentkey be withdrawn through a chair or other plate having an opening thewidth vof which is substantially that of the larger part of the body-,.t h spik r 1?ie.. 2 s dev ewoi a ikeshowi s. a .cut eweyi z eni sm ormi th l ckineendpf the key to straighten out and enter the indentationto fa l t t thd e altx n v2? 3% e of. a ot r f rm showin the cut awayslot or indentation and showing the 891 body of .less taperthanthe taperof the of t esp e in F -2Q- i $351.33.. .5 p rs e ve i w i .three.9th radaptations of my invention-sin the same installatiori. ss 9 2 i11 streae ii i urth r adaptation'of the invention showing a spike with ashoulder' ndp o Sp te. l.

. Fi re 1 ewi s o s ike. uc asis illustrated in Fig. 22 in connectionwith a rail and'a spring such as is shown in i lf'figs. 27 andzfi arerespectively cross section viewson lines 21-21 and 28 28..o f F ig. 2 6,

B.ef erri ng particularly toFigs. 1 to 3, Ill desisnates the 1. Po n oa, il. it e h i o pl t p which the r res s and wh ch isprovided with ahole ll. Myimproved spike flZ i'sprovided with a slot, I25 which islocated between the edges of the outer side and atits bot; toxin has acurved portion I2 whieh extends across the face andto the edge ofthespike e is qv a di ri inally strai h The thickness of this key I3 isslightly less than the width offtheslo't I2 and its width is more thanequal to the depth of the slot [2'5 allows a portion of the key toextend outwardly beyond the face of the spike. The portion which extendsbeyond the face of the spike has an outer face, the upper 'or outer endof which is preferably outward of the lower or innerportion. This.feature enables the upper. portion to seal the opening in the 'woodagainst the entry of rain water. And by constructing the outer surfaceme. on th e e ii .61 ifi n m this movement of the spring, the ear-teapoiti'o'ii l3 oi the key I3 being embedded in the wees-a1 of the tie I5,will preterit niov'ni'eiit 6f th'spike. it is to be notedthatthekey-e'iidis bevf ld two directions as shown at I3. 13 6a 'Fig'sli and 6. The bevel [3 .theky to curving course in the wees. i shownFig. and the bevel m tends ta new the 'iii the slot or groove l2,

In driving the spike, when the tr aek s'tio'n l0 and chair ll are inplace, the'spike 'is 'fo 'd into the ee until the spring 1'4 isiind'rteiisibii tending tolift the sp ke outer the wood. 4 H I I It isto be noted that the 'in'ai'n pbfrtib'nbrme groove I2, above its curvedportion, is inter;- mediate the edges of thesi'defac'eof the spike andis preferably parallel'to th'e axis oi'sfiike. This construction breaksa hamper 'o'f fibers of the wood, permits the spike ote'nrmiy held byits four edges and is given further bilitybythe key.. N V v R The shankof the pike, "whicli 'is preferably slightly tapered, and the extens onfor the key beyond its slot, preferably fill the Opening 11 in thespring member i4 when the spike is Th place. This forms a sem -newconnection firever'itin'g play between the members I 2 l3 andfl. Sincethe ihain body, of the key "goes down a straight with the 'woc'id, iteuteveey few ween was. a h u pe iie 'ii j fie s w gem: is least "aslarge as any other part 'of the key,

the opening madeby the lower partfifii ri euv The spike l2 maybe 'us'e'awi'th bif withtiiititfie chair or plate u. 'Wlie'n'usedwiththe'pii'rteW I, it may be necessary to withdraw the amete forexample, when -it 'iejrrteeeary to *rpiaeet rail. Since the opening'in'the chair or plate "H is only of "sufiici'ent size to receive theshank"6r body of the spike and the protruding key, iii-ovision has been"ni'ade to iwi'th dr'aw the spike through the opening H The firvd'ii'rtion l z of the groove is provided with'a. eiit'awa j firtion [2adjacent the outlet'of the groove. This is illustrated in Fig. 22, theshape o'fth'eiky shown as it has been withdrawn "from thewd'od. It is tobe noted that whenthe key "sateen; key and body of thespik'e occii pyfibiii'ofe space than the upper "portion of the spike body,

- when passing through the opening II of the chair or plate I I. V

- In the construction illustrated in Figs, 9 and 10, the spike I2 havinga slot I2. I2 and key I3, I3 are similar to the corresponding partsillustrated in Figs. 1 to 8 already described. In this construction, thespring 94 has two extensions 94 94 which contactthe flange of the railIII. An opening 94 permits the shank of thespike I2 to pass withpreferably only suffi cient room for the shank and the upper end of thekey I3. I

It is to be noted that the main body of the spring member is offset froma line throughthe centers of the extensions 94 94 This is for thepurpose of permitting the shank of the spike I2 to passthrough theopening I I of the chair or plate II, alongside the edge of the flangeof the rail I0 and yet throw the extensions 94, 94 to the side so thatboth ofv them. will press downwardly on the flange of the rail sectionIll-.g

.The operation of this construction is someev what similar to the firstdescribed construction. The rail I0 and the chair orplate II being inplace, the spike is passed through the opening 94 and the opening II inthe chair or plate II. While extensions 94*, 94 are held in contact withthe flange of the rail II], the spike is driven to the proper depth toplace the spring 94 under sufiicient tension to hold the rail flange inplace. After the spike has been driven to the proper depth, the key I3,as shown in Fig. 6.11s inserted and driven in until it follows thecurved portion I2 of the groove and the endv of the key Ii-l has assumedthe shape'illustrated in Fig. 5. It will now be seen that with the upperend of the key held tightly with the spike in the opening 94, the railwill be resiliently held in place with no tendency for the rail flangeto get a hold on the spike to lift it from its place. Moreover, the keyholds the spike firmly in place in the. wood. Referring now to Figs. 11,12 and 13, it is to be here noted that the spike I2; with its groove I2I2 the key I3 with its curved portion I3 all coact with the flange ofthe rail II], the opening II of the chair or plate IIv and the tie (notshown) as has been described for similar parts ofFigs.1to8. The springmember H4 is provided with two extensions II4ewhichare designedforcontact with the chair'or plate -II as shown in-Fig. 13. Theseextensions pass on'either side of the shank of the spike 12.xThe-extension ll l extends toward and contacts th flange of the railsection III. The opening II in the chair or plate is preferably soformed that-it will maintain a tight contact with that part of the keyI3 which ex-r tends beyond the groove III of the spike and tends to holdthe key in place.

When assembled, the spike is placed in the opening I I and driven intothe tie. When nearly in place, the spring member H4 is slipped intoplace and the spike driven in until'the spring is under the desiredcompression. The key is inserted and driven to its place asalreadydescribed. To more securely hold the spring H4 in place, the'spike headhas a lip I2 which extends over the top of the extension II4 When usedin this manner, the short lip I2 will be between the extensions I Mwhichlatter will be under the same tension.

Referring now to the form illustrated in Figs. 14, 15 and 16, the spikewith its grooveIZ", I2

with the rail II), the opening II of the chair plate II and the tie,ashas been heretofore de scribedfor similar'partsof Figs. lto 8. t V

In this adaptation, the spring I44 has two extensions I44 I4 9, which,as in the case of the form shown in Figs. '9 and 10, both contact withthe flangeof the rail I0. In this form, the spring member I44 has asaddle -I4'4 'in which the under side of the head rests, while the lipI2 holds the spike head locked to the spring I44.

In use, the spik is placed in the opening I If of the chair or plate IIand driveninto the tie therebeneath until sufficiently. low to engagethe saddle I44, of the spring member I44. .The

spring member I44 is then put inplace with the lip I2 over the=edge ofthe saddleIM and the spike driven in until there issufiicient tension inthe spring member. The opening of the chair platevis sufliciently smallto'engage the extending portion of the key when the latter is driven toitsplace as alreadydescribed. In Figs. 18- and 19, a form of theinvention is illustrated wherein two timbers I5 I5 are; securedtogether. On the top of thetirnberiIfi is placed the plate I II whichhas a center opening III of a size and shape toper mit passage of thebody I2 of the spike. A spring member. 2H; isprovided to performafunction similar to that of the-spring member I4 illustratedv inFig-.1.

This spring member 2H3 may have as many as four arms 2 I4 and an openingZI I- to receive the body I2- of the spike. As in the previouslydescribed forms, the body I2 of the spike has a groove having a sectionI2 which is substane o tially parallel with the axis of thespike and atits bottom a curved section I2 v to turn thekey I3 into the wood of thetimber I5 5, as at. I3, Fig. 18. N v I In use, as on a wooden treadbridge, there is considerable up and down movement of the time. bers, Bythis construction, the lower end .of the spike is kept in place by theend, I3 -of.the key and when the pressure is released, the spring 2 I 4restores the parts to theirv normal positions. Figs. 20, 21 and 2 2 areto be understood as illustrating spikes having bodieswhich are tapered,less tapered and straight, respectively; Of the general shape of theheretoforedescribed forms, is the shape shown in Fig. 21. However, it isto be .understood that the forms illustrated in Figs. 20 and 22' may besubstituted wherever a spike is shown assembled inthe other'views ofthedrawing. I Inthefforms of the spikes illustrated in Figs; 20,. 21, 22,the bodies of the respective spikes are designated I2,.I2 and 12 It-Willbe noted that in each of these forms, the key slot or groove is on aflat side, while in some of the previously described forms,- the slot orgroove'is on aside having a chamfered endto form the point of the spike.This invention is adapted for use in either man-ner. The body of the. sike may be tapered as to' any two opposite sides .or all four sidesmaybetapered. I .In the case of sufficient taper to permit the end ofthe key to be withdrawn without the necessity of a cut away place I2,the curved port-ionof the slot or groove is extended to the edge of thespike as illustrated in Fig. 20. 1 1

When the spikes are withdrawn from their operative positions, the keysassume positions illustrated inFigs. 20, 21 and 22.

In Fig. 23, the rail I0 is. resting (in chair or plate II which isprovided on each side of the rail with three openings Il through whichthe spikes are driven into the tie. For the sake-'01;

.elo'omess, theishnwing or ftheiieand hall of the plate II, are omitted..Ihespike'itzis provided with a slot or groove 12, D te receive.the.:key It with its lower portion .curved. when put :inpliwmmdfhavingits tip .beyeled asst; 13 .fl gas' olreadyidescribed. Thespike iszprorided with a liplft whichholds the pressure spring infiplacels iwillbe described;

'In the must-motion oi the spike 'shown in 23, it is assumed. that the:size .nndistrength :of the keys make impossible from a practicalstandpoint, .to "remove thespikes when, .iorexsmp'le,it is desired :toremove :a. railzsec'tion. The oonslxuetionwhereby the :removal of the.made possible, will now be described.

The springs 314 hauera saddle portion which snags the underside of the"head of the :spike amiis held inrplace by the :lip 12 :and theiresiiiencypf the spring 314. The spring 3H is provided with anextension 3 which engages therohair or plate II and with an extension314* which engages. thexail-to holdthe latter.:iniplace.

The opening II in the chairpor-plate II is placed nwithjts inner edgeadjacent the rail edge and :is of sufllcient size. only to permitadmis-' sion'and drivmgof thespike :IZ. Since .thesp'ike istaperedjpreferably onrat least two sides, the opening II will. boota'size .to permit the spike to fit snugly when it is driven to itsoperative pmition;

.It will be obvious from the construction. descrihedthat the springmay:be forced :out and the .sameor-amew one replaced when, for .example,itis desired to removeandreplace a rail section. .The removal andreplacement of...the springs will .be later described in .detail.

Between the spikes I2.;of Fig. 23, is showna spike I I2 which isillustrated with its head;at.90 to the positions of the headset thespike I2. A spring fli hasan extension 411 for engagementwiththezrail'to assist in holding the rail in place. Two other.extensions-ll A xstraddlethe. spike head otthe: spike .I I2 andiengagethe chair or plate I I.

.Theshead of thespike I I2 isso placed that its lip 1m .engagesa saddleon the sprin member I! totpress downwardly on the extension "4tolholdthe rail onithe chair.

,In the constructionshown in Fig. 23, the two spaced spikes 12 hold therail against lateral movement and exert some pressure 'on the railflange. Theintermediatespike 'I I-zdoes not'hold the :mil-againstlateral movement'but does exert a greater downward pressure onathe railflange than either'ofthe spikes I2. This is due to'the differences inthe distances from the point of contact ofth'e lip II'IZ to the pointsof contact-of the extensions H4 and M4", the latter being longer thanthe former.

' .In assembling the structure illustrated in Fig. 23, the-chairs orplates II being'in place, the

.In caseit is desiredAor reason; :to remove the springs 3H, 4, it isonly necessary to drive azsmall'wedge :under the overhanging-end :of thespike. clears rthezspringirom the It is :now possible to .knock thespring to one:si,de untilfitnlears thespike. To replace therspring,alewer iszplaced under the lip :I l. with the-Spr belowtheiever.The-spring all may, in this way, be compressed untilit can clear thelipI13 A- hammerrmayinow be used :to knock the spring .to its place, afterwhich the :lever is releasediand removed.

To':release the spring .Hljrom .the'spike head. especial two-.prongedlever may be used, utillzing theshort overhang 'LZ'Ofithfi spikeheados afulcrum, the two extensions 4W being pressed down until the spring .canbe :madeto clear the lip 5H2. 'Ioreplsce, this spring may .be driven orpried into place from :its rail .end.utllizing the specialtwo-pronged-lever do one it .into place.

In Figs..24 and25, are illustratedenotheriorm of spike ioruse-withacoilspring. 'Thespikeln preierably :has a :taperedzbody, as illustrated. 0nonesideeoi thespike body ZiS agroove 5I2having a lower curved'end 5H.Unlike the spikes I1 and H2, the spike in has a shoulder in extendingfrom its head "512 which shoulder am is provided with a suitable lowersurface to contact with the upper surface of the chair or plate I I;

The head 'a'IZ is provided with :a flip 51.2" to hold theholdingispringiitl inplaoe. A tongue 5I2 isprovidedon the lower side ofthe lip and extends into the coil of the spring 5. to act as a :meansfor steadying-the spring 5 and for. holding itin-its place.

A locking key .5I3 ;having a curved end 5 I8; when :in place; isprovided of asize to snuglyiflt in the grooveSI-Z andof .a thickness tobe, when in'place, pressed firmly by the'adiacent wood to minimizethewear due :to :movement when the parts are-under pressure.

.ltis to be'noted that thechair or plate ,I I :has openings which may-beeither adjacentjthe positionof the'edgeof the flange of the .rail'or ata.

- distance as-illustratedin Fig. 25.

Inutilizing this spike, the rail I0 andits -chsir. or plate I I arefirst placed in their relative proper positions. The-spike 5I2 is 'nowstarted to :its seat through the .opening II 'of the plate II. Thespike-is now driven in part way-until the spring 5 can be inserted overthe tongue H2, under the-lip 612*. Thespike-is now drivenrtoits place-with the shoulder -5I2 resting on the plate- II. In this position,there is a space below the bottom of the tongue :5l-2 This space permitsrailsare placed imposition and the spikes driven in part way. Thesprings 3 are now placed under'the lips I2 and the spikes I2 driven homeuntil the springs 3I4 are under the desired tension; With the spikes inthis position, the keys are placed in their slots or grooves and drivenin. The ends'iollowing the curved portion Ii! of the -grooves, willassume the positions illustrated at I3 and will then emerge from theslot or :groove and enter the wood, as already described.

The intermediate spike H2, is now driven in, thezspring member! insertedand the spike I I2 driven to'its'position. The key I3 is now driveninasnlready described and the construction is the slight changes inposition inavertical direction, of'the rail flange of the rail III. I

The key 5I3 is now inserted in zthe'groovein and is drivenin.As-therpointreaches thelower endof 1 the g groove, it follows the curvedportion of the groove to the side-oi the spike where it enters theWOOdltOTlOCk the spike in itsoperative posi tion. -As the end-ofthegroove is curved,-thekeyenters the-.wood in the formof ahook,thusholding theikey firmlvin the .tie and .the spike isthusheldfirmlyagainst the spring to press in turn, against the .rail:fiange.

It will 'be 'thus clear that the 'parts willibe held in proper:relative'positions with no bending of the spike outwardly from-the railandwith no tendency for'the 'rails to spread; yet permitting" resilientslight movement in vertical direction.

.As already noted for these-spikes generally, the spike Slimavboprovided witha cut away poxtion 512 similar in construction and functionto the cut away portion 12 of the spike l2. This cut away portionprovides a space for the key to occupy if it should be necessary to drawthe spike for any purpose.

While I have shown and described various adaptations of my invention, itis to be understood that the disclosure is merely illustrative and thatmodifications and changes may be made without departing from the spiritof the invention and within its scope as claimed.

Having described my invention what I claim is:

1. In combination, a spike comprising a shank of substantiallyrectangular cross section, a groove in a side of the shank and extendinglongitudinally thereof, a locking key for the groove, the groove beingof substantially uniform cross section and extending from the spike headsubstantially parallel to one edge of the side and having a curvedextension of similar cross section extending to one edge of the side,the shank being cut away at the end of the groove and toward its pointto permit bending of the key end parallel to the spike axis and remainsubstantially in the cross section of the spike shank at its head end,the locking key being of a substantially uniform cross section and of ashape to substantially fill the groove and of a width greater than thedepth of the groove to extend outwardly of the straight and curvedsections of the groove and of a length to extend beyond the end of thegroove when the key is in place.

2. In combination, a spike comprising a shank of substantiallyrectangular cross section, a groove of substantially rectangular crosssection in a side of the shank and extending longitudinally thereof, alocking key for the groove, the

groove being of substantially uniform cross section and extending fromthe spike head substantially parallel to and adjacent one edge of theside and having a curved extension of similar cross section extending tothe opposite edgeof the side, the shank being cut away at the end of thegroove and toward its point to permit bending of the key and parallel tothe spike axis and remain substantially in the cross section of thespike shank at its head end, the locking key being of a substantiallyuniform cross section and of a shape to substantially fill the grooveand of a Width greater than the depth of the groove to extend outwardlyof the straight and curved sections of the groove and of a length toextend beyond the end of the groove when the key is in place.

ALBERT I. ISRAELSON.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record inthe file ofthis patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 311,162 Gallagher Jan. 20, 1885814,525 Durboraw Mar. '6, 1906 1,106,767 Young Aug. 11, 1914 1,114,305Starbuck Oct. 20, 1914 1,407,678 Roussel Feb. 21, 1922 2,218,156 ScholesOct. 15, 1940 2,450,361 Scholes Sept. 28, 1948 FOREIGN PATENTS NumberCountry Date 13,839 Great Britain July 19, 1895 27,126 Great BritainNov. 19, 1897

